The original eight reindeerThe anonymously-published poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "The Night Before Christmas" or "Twas the Night Before Christmas") is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore, including the eight flying reindeer and their names.
In the poem, Santa's transport is a "miniature sleigh, and eight tiny reindeer" and the reindeer are "more rapid than eagles." The poem does not describe them, nor their positions in the sleigh-team. From a misreading of this poem came the myth that the reindeer fly.[3]
The relevant segment of the poem reads:
when, what to my wondering eyes should appear,
but a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,
with a little old driver, so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:
"Now, Dasher! Now, Dancer! Now, Prancer, and Vixen!
"On, Comet! On, Cupid! On, Donder and Blitzen!
"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!
"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
The suggestion of flight almost certianly comes from a misreading of the words "fly" and "flew" in the Livingstone/Moore poem, where the words were deployed metaphorically (after a common use) to suggest merely "go really fast." (The poem also informs us that the narrator "flew" to the window ("Away to the window I flew like a flash"), without implying actual flight.)
The relevant lines are these:
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
...
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,
Note that in the first instance the courses "came"; they did not fly. The metaphor of the eagles is urged to suggest speed. In the complex simile that follows, the image is one of leaves blown high by the wind when the are forced against an obstacle (such as the side of house); this is to give the impression that the swift moving reindeer "go vertical" when they approach the residence, moving with such speed that they "blow" to the rooftop. The metaphor of flying urges the reader past the problem of getting the reindeer to the housetop without implying actual flight. (Compare this with the roughly contemporary treatment of Santa's reindeer in L. Frank Baum's "The Life and Advantures of Santa Claus," in which the notion that reindeer fly is nowhere found.) Since the publication of the Livingstone/Moore poem, aided by the difficulty of the language of the simile, readers have found it easier to imagine flying reindeer than reindeer swiftly blown skyward.
In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, Edmund Clarence Stedman reprints the 1844 Clement Clarke Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen," rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling, "Dunder and Blixem." [4] Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though German for thunder is now spelled Donner, and the Dutch words would nowadays be spelled Donder and Bliksem.
The Christmas Mountains of New Brunswick, Canada are named after the original eight reindeer.
Since this poem, other books, movies, and music have contributed to the Christmas reindeer lore. The 1994 remake of the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street, for example, asserts that reindeer can only fly on Christmas Eve.
Rudolph (the red-nosed reindeer)Main article: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time.
According to this story, Rudolph's glowing red nose made him a social outcast among the other reindeer. However, one Christmas Eve Santa Claus was having a lot of difficulty making his flight around the world because it was too foggy. When Santa went to Rudolph's house to deliver his presents he noticed the glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided it could be a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh. He asked Rudolph to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night, Rudolph accepted and returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus.
Rudolph's story is a popular Christmas story that has been retold in numerous forms, most notably a popular song, a television special, which departed significantly from Robert L. May's original story, in having Rudolph being Donner's son and living amongst Santa Claus' reindeer from birth, and a feature film.
Additional reindeerPlease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)
Several literature, television, film and music pieces have made references to other reindeer or other animals who substitute for reindeer. In many cases, these are explicitly related to other reindeer already in the fleet.
L. Frank Baum's 1902 story The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus includes a list of ten reindeer, none of whom match the names of the versions found in "A Visit from St. Nicholas." Flossie and Glossie are Santa's principal reindeer in Baum's story. Claus gathers eight more reindeer, named in rhyming pairs: Racer, Pacer, Fearless, Peerless, Ready, Steady, Feckless, and Speckless,
In the song "¿Dónde Está Santa Claus?" recorded by Augie Rios in 1958, two other reindeer are named in the verse that goes: "I hope he won't forget to crack his castanet, and to his reindeer say: On Pancho, on Vixen, on Pedro, on Blitzen, Ole, Ole, Ole!"
In the 1958 Chuck Berry song, "Run Rudolph Run", the verses refer to Randolph, "way too far behind."
Santa needs the help of Dominick, the Italian Christmas Donkey to cross the hills of Italy according to the 1960 song by Lou Monte.
Rolf Harris sings about Santa using kangaroos instead of reindeer in Australia in his 1961 song "Six White Boomers".
The 1964 Rudolph special features Fireball as one of several reindeer trying out for the sleigh team. With fire-red hair, Fireball is the son of Blitzen and his mind is often preoccupied with does; another reindeer is said to be the son of Dasher and struggles at flying, along with two other reindeer fawns of the same age. Comet's daughter, a young fawn named Clarice, is also featured, although she does not try out for the team.
The Ray Stevens song Santa Claus is Watching You, features Clyde, a camel borrowed from Stevens' previous song "Ahab the Arab"), who replaces Rudolph for the year. According to the original 1965 version of the song, Rudolph "dislocated his hip in a Twist contest", so Clyde is his replacement. In a later version of the song, in which the singer is talking to his lover, Rudolph is "on a stakeout" at the lover's house (making sure the lover remains true to the singer). The song also lists the original fleet of reindeer plus two other reindeer named Bruce and Marvin. Later editions of the songs add a longer more rambling list: Leon, Cletus, George, Bill, Slick, Do-Right, Ace, Blackie, Queenie, Prince, Spot, and Rover.
In Cheech & Chong's 1971 record "Santa Claus And His Old Lady", Cheech's character mentions reindeer named Donner, Blitzen, Chuy, Tavo, and Beto. The last three are typical Mexican nicknames; for Jesus, Gustavo/Octavio, and Roberto/Alberto.
Loretta Lynn's 1974 single "Shadrack, the Black Reindeer" introduced the speedy Shadrack. In the song, Rudolph has gotten older and slower. An already late Santa threatens to leave him behind, but the other reindeer suggest that they will complete their rounds on time if Shadrack and Rudolph lead the team side by side, and they succeed in doing so.
The 1979 feature film Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July features an antagonist reindeer named Scratcher.
In the 1993 film Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, Jack Skellington calls upon his ghost dog, Zero, to lead his skeletal-reindeer team through the night which had become foggy when Sally tried to prevent Jack from leaving Halloweentown to deliver presents to the real world.
Joe Diffie's 1995 single "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer" features Leroy, who is Rudolph's cousin. Leroy, as stated in the title, is a redneck who wears a John Deere tractor hat and has a knack for dancing the two-step. Leroy replaces his ill cousin Rudolph as the leader of the sleigh team for the year.
The sketch comedy series MADtv commissioned a trilogy of Rudolph parodies from Corky Quakenbush beginning in 1995. The only one to include any original characters was the first, "Raging Rudolph," which featured mob enforcers Jimmy the Antler and Franky Two Times.
"Lightning," from a 1996 Sesame Street Christmas special Elmo Saves Christmas. He's a reindeer-in-training. Lightning helped Santa by taking Elmo, who wished for Christmas 24/7, to the future to see what Sesame Street would look like with Christmas everyday.
Olive, from a 1997 children's book and 1999 television special entitled Olive, the Other Reindeer, is not a reindeer but a dog. She mistook a news report regarding the plight of one of Santa's reindeer as a "help wanted" ad and heads to the North Pole, where she fills in for the ill reindeer for the year. The title of the story references a mondegreen derived from misinterpreting the words "all of the other reindeer" in the Rudolph story and song.
Annabelle, from the 1997 direct-to-video special Annabelle's Wish, is a young cow who was born on Christmas Eve and thus possesses "the magic of Christmas." She eventually becomes a reindeer herself and pulls Santa's sleigh, which has been Annabelle's lifelong goal.
The 1998 feature film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie introduces Mitzi as Rudolph's mother and Blitzen's wife (as opposed to the Rankin-Bass version, where Donner was Rudolph's father). It also features two other reindeer named Zoey and Arrow, who appear to be clones of Clarice and Fireball respectively.
In the 1999 movie Blizzard, other reindeer are shown to live at the North Pole: Blizzard, who has the ability to become invisible and to see the whereabouts of people, DJ, Blizzard's best friend, and Aphrodite, a female reindeer who reports to an elder called Archimedes.
In the 1999 TV special Robbie the Reindeer, the eponymous Robbie is ostensibly assumed to be the son of Rudolph. His special feature is his nose which has supernatural powers that allow him to jump and fly farther and faster than most reindeer; in addition, this leads to Robbie literally having a "nose" for geography, as it can lead Robbie to just about any location in the world.
Chet is a young reindeer in training who was introduced in the 2002 feature film The Santa Clause 2. Because of his age, he has a tendency to be clumsy and awkward; however, he is able to help Santa save Christmas.
The 2002 South Park Christmas Special "Red Sleigh Down" introduces an entirely new fleet of reindeer, after the traditional reindeer are killed when the sleigh is shot down as Santa tries to bring Christmas to Iraq. The main characters rescue him by using the alternative reindeer named: Steven, Fluffy, Horace, Chantel, Skippy, Rainbow, Patches and Montel. Their names are sung in a similar fashion in order to make them fly. Their future fate beyond this one incident is unknown; either the replacements took over permanently, or the original were resurrected without explanation (see Kenny's deaths for an explanation of this phenomenon in the South Park universe).
In the 2006 TV special Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen, Rusty is said to be Rudolph's brother. Unlike the other reindeer, Rusty is powerless, flightless, and is in fact notably clumsy. Unfit for pulling Santa's sleigh, he instead assists Santa and the other reindeer from air traffic control.
The TV series My Friends Tigger & Pooh introudced a special "Super Sleuth Christmas Movie" in 2007 that included Holly, a young reindeer fawn.
The 2008 television special The Flight Before Christmas features Nico. Nico was Prancer's love child from a one-night stand with a regular reindeer, and the young Nico went to the North Pole to seek his father (who he believed, but was not sure, was one of Santa's reindeer, and he didn't know which one). Through Nico's courage, he is able to learn to fly, proving his ancestry in the process, and saves the reindeer from a pack of ravenous wolves. (Rudolph is absent from the sleigh team in this special, presumably for copyright purposes.)
The comic strip Over the Hedge added a character named Ralph, the Infrared Nosed Reindeer, who is Rudolph's brother and has a nose that emits infrared heat (useful for heating up food and defrosting Santa's sleigh). He is often envious of his more famous brother and, possibly because of an inferiority complex, is depressed and overweight.
Thrasher is a top-secret, oversized reindeer introduced in the 2009 Disney special Prep and Landing. He leads the titular "prep and landing" team of elves in a sleigh ahead of Santa Claus's main sled. He is significantly larger and tougher than the main reindeer, and he is said to be Dasher's cousin. (Rudolph is again absent from this special, with lighting instead provided by the prep and landing team.)
Bob Dylan's 2009 version of the song "Must Be Santa" has a line at the end of the song which replaces half of the reindeer with former Presidents of the United States: "Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon... Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton."
WLIT-FM, a Christmas music station in Chicago, Illinois, uses a reindeer mascot named Edison (named after inventor Thomas Edison) with a glowing yellow-white nose similar to an incandescent lamp. For public appearances, "Edison" is portrayed with a Rudolph costume, including a red nose.[5]
Adolph, The Racially Pure Reindeer was the brother of Rudolph in a Christmas stage show by Big Nazo puppets in 1993. In their large scale puppet rock and roll show, Adolph goes insane and must be put down by one of Santa's elves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer
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