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Personally I truly believe that dogs are more "complex" than we give them credit. True, they are not able to analyze and define the complexities of life, but they DO have emotions such as fear, happiness, sadness, etc. My dog has a wide "vocabulary", for instance,but I know it is only from association and repitition, that she has "learned" this language. In any event even though they are not human, they communicate effectively--more so than a lot of people I know!! God Bless 'em!